如果你正在管理debian或者ubuntu服務器,你也許會經常使用dpkg 或者 apt-get命令。這兩個命令用來安裝、卸載和更新包。
要檢查特定的包,比如firefox是否安裝了,使用這個命令:
??dpkg?-s?firefox
示例輸出:
??package:?firefox ??status:?install?ok?installed ??priority:?optional ??section:?web ??installed-size:?93339 ??maintainer:?ubuntu?mozilla?team?<ubuntu-mozillateam> ??architecture:?amd64 ??version:?35.0+build3-0ubuntu0.14.04.2 ??replaces:?kubuntu-firefox-installer ??provides:?gnome-www-browser,?iceweasel,?www-browser ??depends:?lsb-release,?libasound2?(>=?1.0.16),?libatk1.0-0?(>=?1.12.4),?libc6?(>=?2.17),?libcairo2?(>=?1.2.4),?libdbus-1-3?(>=?1.0.2),?libdbus-glib-1-2?(>=?0.78),?libfontconfig1?(>=?2.9.0),?libfreetype6?(>=?2.2.1),?libgcc1?(>=?1:4.1.1),?libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0?(>=?2.22.0),?libglib2.0-0?(>=?2.37.3),?libgtk2.0-0?(>=?2.24.0),?libpango-1.0-0?(>=?1.22.0),?libpangocairo-1.0-0?(>=?1.14.0),?libstartup-notification0?(>=?0.8),?libstdc++6?(>=?4.6),?libx11-6,?libxcomposite1?(>=?1:0.3-1),?libxdamage1?(>=?1:1.1),?libxext6,?libxfixes3,?libxrender1,?libxt6 ??recommends:?xul-ext-ubufox,?libcanberra0,?libdbusmenu-glib4,?libdbusmenu-gtk4 ??suggests:?ttf-lyx ??conffiles: ??/etc/firefox/syspref.js?09e457e65435a1a043521f2bd19cd2a1 ??/etc/apport/blacklist.d/firefox?ee63264f847e671832d42255912ce144 ??/etc/apport/native-origins.d/firefox?7c26b75c7c2b715c89cc6d85338252a4 ??/etc/apparmor.d/usr.bin.firefox?f54f7a43361c7ecfa3874abca2f292cf ??description:?safe?and?easy?web?browser?from?mozilla ??firefox?delivers?safe,?easy?web?browsing.?a?familiar?user?interface, ??enhanced?security?features?including?protection?from?online?identity?theft, ??and?integrated?search?let?you?get?the?most?out?of?the?web. ??xul-appid:?{ec8030f7-c20a-464f-9b0e-13a3a9e97384}</ubuntu-mozillateam>
如上所見,firefox已經安裝了。
同樣,你可以使用dpkg-query 命令。這個命令會有一個更好的輸出,當然,你可以用通配符。
??dpkg-query?-l?firefox
示例輸出:
??desired=unknown/install/remove/purge/hold ??|?status=not/inst/conf-files/unpacked/half-conf/half-inst/trig-await/trig-pend ??|/?err?=(none)/reinst-required?(status,err:?uppercase=bad) ??||/?name?version?architecture?description ??+++-====================================-=======================-=======================-============================================================================= ??ii?firefox?35.0+build3-0ubuntu0.14?amd64?safe?and?easy?web?browser?from?mozilla
要列出你系統中安裝的所有包,輸入下面的命令:
??dpkg?--get-selections
示例輸出:
??abiword?install ??abiword-common?install ??accountsservice?install ??acl?install ??adduser?install ??alsa-base?install ??alsa-utils?install ??anacron?install ??app-install-data?install ??apparmor?install ??. ??. ??. ??zeitgeist?install ??zeitgeist-core?install ??zeitgeist-datahub?install ??zenity?install ??zenity-common?install ??zip?install ??zlib1g:amd64?install ??zlib1g:i386?install
上面的輸出可能會非常長,這依賴于你的系統已安裝的包。
你同樣可以通過grep來過濾割到更精確的包。比如,我想要使用dpkg命令查看系統中安裝的gcc包:
??dpkg?--get-selections?|?grep?gcc
示例輸出:
??gcc?install ??gcc-4.8?install ??gcc-4.8-base:amd64?install ??gcc-4.8-base:i386?install ??gcc-4.9-base:amd64?install ??gcc-4.9-base:i386?install ??libgcc-4.8-dev:amd64?install ??libgcc1:amd64?install ??libgcc1:i386?install
此外,你可以使用“-l”參數來找出包中文件的位置。
dpkg?-l?gcc-4.8
示例輸出:
??/. ??/usr ??/usr/share ??/usr/share/doc ??/usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base ??/usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base/readme.bugs ??/usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base/news.html ??/usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base/quadmath ??/usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base/quadmath/changelog.gz ??/usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base/gcc ??. ??. ??. ??/usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-4.8 ??/usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-ar-4.8 ??/usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-gcov-4.8
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